This study investigates the vibration characteristics and stability of single-mass and dual-mass inertial vibrating feeders to support their optimal design and application. The research methodology involves establishing dynamic models and differential equations for both feeder types, computing rigid-body dynamic responses using Laplace transforms, and simulating material-feeder coupling forces through EDEM discrete element analysis. The amplitude-frequency characteristics under varying material loads are subsequently analyzed using practical engineering parameters. Results demonstrate that the dual-mass feeder requires only 20% of the excitation force needed by its single-mass counterpart, indicating superior energy efficiency. Within the 0-1 ton material coupling mass range, the dual-mass feeder exhibits significantly better stability, with an amplitude variation rate of 8.82% compared to 32.35% for the single-mass system. This enhanced stability originates from the dual-mass feeder's operation in the sub-resonance region, where the leftward shift of the amplitude-frequency curve caused by increased material mass counterbalances the amplitude reduction effect, thereby establishing a stable amplitude zone. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing vibrating feeder design.